In the Vaccaro, Almaatouq & Malone 2024 meta-analysis, the sign of human-AI synergy was moderated by which party performed better alone: where the human alone outperformed the AI, the combination beat both (pooled g = +0.46, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.66); where the AI alone outperformed the human, the combination performed worse than the AI alone (g = -0.54, 95% CI -0.71 to -0.37). Over 95% of the measured systems had the human making the final decision after AI input. This is an observed moderator within that sample, not a demonstrated scaling law about future agents.

Evidence 3 passages

• groundsUntitled source

  when the human alone outperformed the AI alone, the combined human–AI system outperformed both alone with an average pooled effect size for human–AI synergy of *g* = 0.46 (*t*104 = 5.06; two-tailed *P* = 0.000; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.66), a medium-sized effect[21](#page-8-10). But when the AI alone outperformed the human alone, performance losses occurred in the combined system relative to the AI alone, with a negative effect size for human–AI synergy of *g* = −0.54

• groundsUntitled source

  Most (>95%) of the human–AI systems in our dataset involved humans making the final decisions after receiving input from AI algorithms.

• qualifiesUntitled source

  Only 3 of the 100+ experiments in our analysis explore such processes with a predetermined delegation of separate subtasks to humans and AI. With the four effect sizes from these 3 experiments, we found that, on average, human–AI synergy (*g* = 0.22, *t*104 = 0.69; two-tailed *P* = 0.494; 95% CI, −0.42 to 0.87) occurred, but the result was not statistically significant

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