The measured penalty from combining humans and AI is a penalty on duplicated final judgement, not on oversight as such. In over 95% of the measured systems the human made the final choice on the same complete decision the AI had already made; the authors' own alternative, a predetermined delegation of separate subtasks, appears in only 3 of 100+ experiments and its four effect sizes are not statistically significant. Whether control exercised off the decision path (limits set in advance, exception triggers, after-the-fact audit with authority to reverse) carries the same penalty is therefore unmeasured.

Evidence 2 passages

• groundsUntitled source

  Most (>95%) of the human–AI systems in our dataset involved humans making the final decisions after receiving input from AI algorithms. In these cases

• groundsUntitled source

  With most of the decision tasks studied in our sample, however, both the human and the AI system make a complete decision, with the humans usually making the final choice. Our results suggest that with these decision tasks, better results might have been obtained if the experimenters had designed processes in which the AI systems did only the parts of the task for which they were clearly better than humans. Only 3 of the 100+ experiments in our analysis explore such processes with a predetermined delegation of separate subtasks to human

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