Normative

Ostrom's principle 5 (graduated sanctions) as a LivingIP rule: a first error by a holder costs a correction and a small credit mark; repeated errors move that holder's new claims to review before admission; nothing is banned on a first offence. Ostrom: sanctions depend "on the seriousness and context of the offense", and "The initial sanctions used in these systems are also surprisingly low." Rule: a wrong quote is fixed by a superseding claim that keeps the original's credit for what was right; three errors in a window put that holder on pre-review until a clean run. Where one error is irreversible, as in a public post, the check comes before the act.

Keeping power in check