Health care is built around the episode and the organ: a problem arrives, a specialist treats it, a bill closes it. Payment, specialties, hospitals and training all take the discrete encounter as their unit. That fits an infection or an injury, which starts and ends; it fits nothing that has no start and no end.

groundsValue in Healthcare: Laying the Foundation for Health System Transformation, World Economic Forum, in collaboration with The Boston Consulting Group

because most health systems are still organized around the objective of "treating illness"

groundsValue in Healthcare: Laying the Foundation for Health System Transformation, World Economic Forum, in collaboration with The Boston Consulting Group

The rapid increase in medical specialties has led to a step-function increase in health system complexity and, therefore, to a fragmented patient experience.

groundsDriving Adoption of High-Value AI in Healthcare, Peterson Health Technology Institute (PHTI)

fee-for-service payment built around clinician time and discrete encounters.

backsWhy have Non-communicable Diseases been Left Behind?, Florencia Luna, Valerie A. Luyckx

including acuity of disease, potential for control or cure, cost, infectiousness, blaming of individuals and logistical barriers