Mandelbrot conjectures that the process generating the American cotton prices he studied changed in scale rather than in nature, and proposes searching for invariant parameters beneath changing observed volatility.

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To whatever extent one market is like another, you would expect this endogenous activity to be partly responsible for the similarity. One of the surprising conclusions of fractal market analysis is the similarity of certain variables from one type of market to another. My cotton study found the same wild degree of price swings over more than a century of trading records. I conjecture that the process generating American cotton prices changed only in scale, not in nature. We mathematicians and physicists love what we call an invariance. That is a property that remains unchanged, no matter how you transform the data, shape, or object under study. Fractal geometry is the mathematics of one such invariance in the physical world, the study of patterns, in space or time, that remain the same, even as the scale of observation changes. Statisticians have a kindred concept, called stationarity. A stationary time series has the same basic statistical properties throughout.

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Economists argue their field may be different. Economist Jacob Marshak once proclaimed at a meeting I attended that the only economic invariance he could imagine concerned the equality between the number of left and right shoes, and not even that could be trusted. Following that thinking, many recent models of price variation tried to explain the obviously shifting pattern of volatility by inserting parameters that change by the day, hour, and second. Such are in the Garch family, mentioned earlier. I am an optimist. I would rather not dismiss the existence of invariances, but continually look for them hiding in non-obvious places. Invariances make life easier. If you can find some market properties that remain constant over time or place, you can build better, more useful models and make sounder financial decisions. My multifractal model works with just such a set of consistent parameters. 7. Markets are inherently uncertain, and bubbles are inevitable.