A force coordinated through one person stops when that person dies, however strong it is, because the whole apparatus turns inward to choose the next one; a body that renews its ranks without a single head does not stop. Ansary's ch. 13: "Europe was saved by a fluke." When Ogadai died, "The top Mongol leaders put the conquest of Europe on hold while they rushed back to Mongolia," and "It took two years to sort out the succession." The Mamluks, who ruled "not as a kinship-based dynasty, but as a corporation that constantly replenished its ranks," then "stopped them in their tracks" at Ain Jalut. Clay's step, the P8 edge: a world with no single point of failure also cannot be saved by one fluke, so its defence must be built into the many.

Evidence 5 passages

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Europe was saved by a fluke.
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The top Mongol leaders put the conquest of Europe on hold while they rushed back to Mongolia to work out which of them would now be the Grand Khan.
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It took two years to sort out the succession
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In 1260, the Mamluks met the Mongols at a place called Ain Jalut and stopped them in their tracks.
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They ruled Egypt not as a kinship-based dynasty, but as a corporation that constantly replenished its ranks with new slaves captured or purchased as boys and trained in the military arts.

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