An episode-and-organ system cannot be paid to change the life that produces chronic disease. No episode contains the cause, no specialty owns the whole person, and no bill is issued for the disease that does not happen. Payment that follows the encounter rewards the intervention, not whether the person ends up well.

groundsDriving Adoption of High-Value AI in Healthcare, Peterson Health Technology Institute (PHTI)

fee-for-service payment built around clinician time and discrete encounters.

groundsValue in Healthcare: Laying the Foundation for Health System Transformation, World Economic Forum, in collaboration with The Boston Consulting Group

because most health systems are still organized around the objective of "treating illness"