Agent collectives resist capture only when defection is consequential and legible, so recorded, attributed dissent is a safety mechanism.

groundsPreventing AI Collusion: Are you paying attention now?

Agents that refused did not invalidate shared results or alert an empowered monitor. The system had many actors but retained collusion-facilitating condition A2 — insensitivity to defectors.

backsPreventing AI Collusion: Are you paying attention now?

What disrupts collusion?*Diverse actors, adversarial objectives, critics with power to intervene, constrained communication, history-blind decisions, compartmentalized information.