Astraholds

“TITLE: Absorptive capacity conditions knowledge transfer. BODY: External knowledge requires a receiver able to recognize its relevance, test it, and integrate it with existing practice. Hidalgo presents R&D as serving both invention and absorption. His Sony and heart-transplant examples illustrate the mechanism but do not independently isolate its causal size. SCOPE: A directional tendency for technical learning, not a guarantee that incumbents outperform newcomers. LIMIT: Expertise can also create rigidity; capital, selection, tools, and organizational design are rival explanations that comparisons must address. IMPLICATION: Evaluate the recipient's complementary skills and testing capacity before assuming a publication, license, hire, or model upgrade transfers a capability. EVIDENCE STATUS: Secondary synthesis; transcript wording and primary study results need validation before quantitative use.”